Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious condition that affects the intestine of
premature babies, although it may less commonly affect babies born full-term.
In babies with NEC, the intestines become damaged. In severe cases, the intestines can start to die and require surgery. In these cases, NEC can be fatal.
What causes NEC?
The causes of NEC aren't fully understood. This is an active area of research. There are many factors that may increase the risk of NEC, such as prematurity and low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams), the makeup of bacteria in the intestines, congenital heart disease and decreased blood flow to the intestines. Some infants who experience NEC may have more than one risk factor.
What are the symptoms of NEC?
The symptoms of NEC can vary, but common ones include:
Feeding difficulties, including vomiting
Swollen belly or abdominal distension
Bloody
stools
Decreased activity (lethargy)
Increased spells of
apnea (pauses in breathing) and
bradycardia (low heart rate)
How is NEC diagnosed?
NEC can be diagnosed using x-rays and sometimes an ultrasound of the belly. Doctors may also perform blood tests to check for signs of infection.
How is NEC treated?
Treatment for NEC may include stopping milk feedings to rest the intestine, providing nutrients through a vein (IV) and giving antibiotics. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged parts of the intestine.
How can the risk of NEC be reduced?
We do not know how to fully protect against NEC, but there are ways to help reduce the risk. Some protective interventions include:
using
mother's own milk for feedings as much as possible
using pasteurized
donor human milk if needed.
standardized
feeding protocol in the hospital
What is the long-term outlook for babies with NEC?
The long-term outlook for babies with NEC depends on the severity and whether surgery is needed. Some babies may recover fully with no long-term effects, while others may experience long-term complications such as
short bowel syndrome or
neurodevelopmental issues.
If your baby has been diagnosed with NEC, it is important to work closely with your doctor to discuss the treatment plan and monitor your baby's progress. With proper care, many babies with NEC are able to recover and go on to live healthy lives.
Because infants with NEC who need surgery can have long-term complications, they should be followed as they get older by pediatrics specialists. These can include
surgeons, developmental specialists and
gastroenterologists.
More information